NIH researchers have identified rare antibodies that show promise in combating alpha-gal syndrome (AGS), an emerging tick-bite-associated condition causing allergic reactions to red meat and other animal products. This discovery, stemming from malaria research, represents a significant breakthrough for a condition currently lacking specific treatment or prevention.
In laboratory tests, these antibodies acted as a biological shield, effectively blocking human allergic antibodies from binding to red meat allergens. John Powers, M.D., acting director of NIH’s National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), said, "This discovery of monoclonal antibodies by NIAID scientists and their collaborators is the first step in potentially identifying ways to prevent AGS and develop new targeted therapies for people before they are affected by this disabling condition."
AGS is linked to tick bites and can trigger severe reactions to the alpha-gal molecule found in mammalian products. The U.S. has seen approximately 110,000 suspected cases since 2010, though the actual number is likely higher. Symptoms vary from gastrointestinal issues to life-threatening anaphylaxis.
The research team initially sought antibodies targeting alpha-gal on malaria parasites. They isolated 42 alpha-gal-specific antibodies from malaria-exposed individuals. Screening these, 13 were found to bind to AGS allergens, with two blocking IgE from AGS patients and one interfering with basophil activation, immune cells involved in allergic reactions.
Peter Crompton, M.D., a lead author and senior investigator at NIAID, said, "We are thrilled that this research is helping to advance the development of alpha-gal-specific monoclonal antibodies as a potential intervention for AGS." The findings suggest future studies could evaluate these alpha-gal-specific antibodies for preventing allergic reactions in individuals with AGS, potentially leading to broader interventions.